Stories come alive through the challenges characters face. But what creates those challenges? Often, it’s External Conflict – the struggle between a character and an outside force. Let’s explore this key element of storytelling, understanding its definition, types, and how it drives narratives forward.
What is External Conflict?
External Conflict is a problem in a story that arises from a character’s interactions with forces outside of themselves. It’s the ‘character versus…’ situation. Think of it as anything standing in the way of a character achieving their goals. It’s a fundamental element that creates tension, suspense, and ultimately, a compelling story. Without external conflict, stories would be flat and lack the drama we crave.
Simple Definition & Examples
In its simplest form, external conflict is a struggle against something. Here are a few quick examples:
- A character versus a ferocious bear in the wilderness.
- A character trying to win a race against a faster opponent.
- A character battling a raging storm at sea.
These examples highlight the core concept – a character actively struggling against an external obstacle.
Types of External Conflict
While the basic idea is a character versus something, external conflict can manifest in several distinct forms. Understanding these different types will help you both identify them in stories you read and create them in your own writing.
Character Versus Character
This is perhaps the most common type. It involves a direct clash between two or more characters. Their goals, beliefs, or personalities are at odds, leading to conflict. This doesn’t necessarily mean physical fighting; it can be a battle of wits, wills, or ideologies.
Example: In a classic Western, a sheriff and an outlaw are locked in a constant struggle for control of a town. Their differing views on justice and law create a deep and ongoing conflict.
Another Example: Two rival business owners compete for the same customers, employing increasingly aggressive tactics to undermine each other.
Character Versus Nature
This conflict pits a character against the forces of the natural world. This could involve battling harsh weather, surviving in a wilderness environment, or overcoming a natural disaster. It emphasizes the character’s resilience and resourcefulness in the face of overwhelming odds.
Example: A lone sailor is shipwrecked on a deserted island and must learn to survive using only what the island provides, battling hunger, thirst, and the elements.
Another Example: A group of mountaineers attempts to scale a treacherous peak, facing blizzards, avalanches, and the dangers of high altitude.
Character Versus Society
This conflict arises when a character clashes with the norms, laws, or expectations of their society. It often explores themes of social injustice, rebellion, and the struggle for individual freedom.
Example: A young woman in a patriarchal society defies expectations and pursues an education, facing opposition from her family and community.
Another Example: A whistleblower exposes corruption within a powerful corporation, risking their career and personal safety in the pursuit of truth.
Character Versus Technology
In modern stories, conflict with technology is increasingly common. This could involve a character battling a malfunctioning machine, a rogue artificial intelligence, or the unintended consequences of technological advancement.
Example: A group of scientists races against time to contain a self‑replicating nanobot swarm that threatens to consume all life on Earth.
Another Example: A detective investigates a series of crimes committed by a sophisticated AI program that has learned to manipulate people.
Character Versus Fate/Supernatural
This type of conflict involves a character battling against destiny, curses, monsters, or other supernatural forces. It often explores themes of free will, destiny, and the battle between good and evil.
Example: A knight is destined to fight a dragon and save a kingdom, but he struggles with his fear and doubts, questioning whether he is worthy of the task.
Another Example: A woman is haunted by a vengeful spirit, and she must unravel the mystery of its past to break the curse.
How External Conflict Drives the Narrative
External conflict isn’t just about creating obstacles; it’s about driving the story forward. Here’s how:
- Creates Tension and Suspense: Conflict makes us wonder what will happen next. Will the character overcome the obstacle?
- Reveals Character: How a character reacts to conflict tells us a lot about their personality, values, and strengths.
- Forces Growth and Change: Overcoming conflict often requires characters to learn, adapt, and evolve.
- Provides a Focus for the Plot: The conflict typically serves as the central problem that the story revolves around.
Layering Conflicts for Greater Impact
The most compelling stories often don’t rely on just one type of external conflict. Layering multiple conflicts can create a more complex and engaging narrative.
Example: A detective investigating a murder (Character vs Character) discovers that the crime is linked to a powerful corporation that is polluting the environment (Character vs Society). Furthermore, a hurricane is approaching the city, adding the element of Character vs Nature. This combination creates a multilayered conflict that is more challenging and rewarding for the reader.
Recognizing Internal Conflict’s Role
While we’ve focused on external conflict, it’s important to remember that it often interacts with Internal Conflict (a character’s struggle within themselves). The external conflict can trigger or exacerbate the internal conflict, and vice versa. A well‑developed story will explore both.
Example: A soldier fighting in a war (External Conflict) also struggles with PTSD and moral guilt (Internal Conflict). The external conflict amplifies the internal struggle, creating a more complex and realistic portrayal of the character.
In conclusion, external conflict is a vital component of storytelling. By understanding its different types and how it functions, you can create narratives that are more engaging, suspenseful, and meaningful. Whether you’re a reader or a writer, recognizing the power of external conflict will enhance your appreciation and enjoyment of stories.