The Battle Hymn of the Republic
by Julia Ward Howe
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord
He is trampling out the vanguard, He is going to the field
His truth is marching on
Summary of The Battle Hymn of the Republic
- Popularity of “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”: Julia Ward Howe’s poem was first published in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1862. It quickly became a rallying cry for the Union during the American Civil War. The poem draws heavily from biblical imagery, especially the books of Isaiah and Revelation, portraying the war as a divine judgment against injustice and slavery. It remains cherished as a hymn, performed at solemn occasions, and stands as a testament to the enduring struggle for freedom and righteousness.
- “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” as a Representative of Hope: The poem is not merely a war song; it is a profound expression of hope and faith. The speaker envisions God’s presence in the watchfires of Union army camps, interpreting their struggles as part of a divine plan. The recurring image of God “marching on” signifies the inexorable advance of truth and justice, assuring readers that good will ultimately triumph over evil. The poem equates the soldiers’ sacrifices to those of Christ, framing their fight as a spiritual quest rather than just a military endeavor.
- Major Themes in “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”: Central to the poem are patriotism, sacrifice, divine justice, and the fight against oppression. It celebrates the bravery of soldiers willing to lay down their lives for a noble cause, connecting their struggle to the broader struggle for freedom and equality. The poem illustrates the conviction that God is actively involved in human affairs, guiding those who fight for righteousness. It also touches on judgment and retribution, suggesting that those who oppose justice will ultimately face consequences.
Analysis of Literary Devices Used in “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”
Julia Ward Howe masterfully employs a range of literary devices to elevate the poem beyond a simple patriotic ode. These techniques enrich its meaning, create vivid imagery, and resonate with readers on an emotional and spiritual level.
- Apostrophe: The poem frequently addresses God or abstract concepts such as truth and justice. For example, the line “O, be swift, my soul, to answer Him!” is a direct appeal to the divine, creating intimacy and urgency.
- Assonance: Howe uses assonance—the repetition of vowel sounds—to create musicality. The phrase “Our God is marching on” emphasizes the “o” sound, making the line memorable. Repeated “e” and “i” sounds in “I have read a fiery gospel” add to the poem’s lyrical quality.
- Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds contributes to the poem’s sonic texture. In “In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea,” the repeated “s” sound creates a gentle rhythm. The repeated “r” in “He is trampling out the vintage” adds force.
- Alliteration: Alliteration appears throughout the poem. The phrase “fatal lightning” exemplifies this technique, drawing attention to divine power.
- Imagery: The poem is rich in vivid imagery, appealing to the senses. Images such as “mine eyes have seen the glory,” “fiery gospel,” and “lilies” evoke powerful emotions.
- Personification: Howe personifies abstract concepts like truth and justice, attributing human qualities to them. “His truth is marching on” implies that truth moves actively toward victory.
Analysis of Poetic Devices Used in “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”
Beyond literary devices, Howe skillfully employs several poetic techniques to structure and enhance the poem’s impact.
- Stanza and Quatrain: The poem is structured into five stanzas of four lines each, forming quatrains. This consistent structure provides order and rhythmic flow.
- End Rhyme: The poem follows a regular end rhyme scheme, contributing to its musicality and memorability.
- Repetition and Refrain: The refrain “His truth is marching on” appears at the end of each stanza, reinforcing the poem’s central message and creating momentum.
- Symbolism: Howe uses symbols to convey deeper meanings. The “vintage” represents the consequences of sin, while the “serpent” symbolizes evil, inviting readers to contemplate the poem’s themes.
Quotes to be Used
The following lines from “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” are particularly powerful and can be used effectively in speeches or writings addressing themes of justice, faith, and courage.
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord
He is trampling out the vanguard, He is going to the field
His truth is marching on
This passage encapsulates the poem’s central message of divine justice and the ultimate triumph of good over evil.