The Great Unwashed
The phrase “the great unwashed” carries a weight of social commentary, historically used to denote the common people, particularly those of the working class, and often carrying a derogatory undertone. It is a phrase that immediately conjures images of crowded conditions, lack of hygiene, and a perceived lack of refinement. However, its meaning extends beyond mere physical cleanliness; it signifies a social and political divide, a separation between those in power and those subjected to it.
Meaning and Nuance
At its most literal, “the great unwashed” refers to people who, due to their circumstances, lacked regular access to bathing facilities. This was particularly true during periods of rapid industrialization and urbanization, where overcrowding and poor sanitation were rampant. The phrase quickly evolved to become a metaphor for the masses – those without wealth, education, or social standing. It implies a perceived lack of sophistication, manners, or political awareness. Crucially, the phrase isn’t simply descriptive; it is often evaluative, carrying a judgment from those who consider themselves above “the great unwashed.”
Origin and Historical Context
The phrase gained prominence through Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s 1830 novel, Paul Clifford. The relevant passage reads: “He is certainly a man who bathes and ‘lives cleanly’, (two especial charges preferred against him by Messrs. the Great Unwashed).” Lytton uses the phrase to highlight the hypocrisy of a society that prioritizes superficial cleanliness over genuine social justice. The context is a courtroom drama, and the “charges” are a satirical commentary on the prejudices of the upper classes.
However, the concept of a distinct and often negatively viewed “masses” predates Lytton. Throughout history, ruling classes have often sought to differentiate themselves from those they govern, frequently portraying the common people as unruly, ignorant, or dangerous. Lytton’s phrase simply provided a particularly vivid and memorable label for this age‑old social dynamic. The Industrial Revolution and its attendant social problems greatly amplified the usage and resonance of the phrase, as the stark contrast between the lives of the wealthy and the working class became increasingly visible.
Analysis in Literature and Beyond
Social Commentary and Political Critique
The power of “the great unwashed” lies in its ability to encapsulate complex social and political tensions. Authors often employ the phrase to critique the arrogance of the elite, expose social inequalities, and challenge prevailing power structures. By using the phrase, a writer implicitly acknowledges the existence of a class divide and invites the reader to consider the perspectives of those who are marginalized. For example, a novel depicting a revolution might portray the “great unwashed” as a force for change, challenging the established order and demanding social justice. A conservative writer might use the phrase to express fears about social unrest and the breakdown of traditional values.
Irony and Satire
The phrase is frequently deployed to highlight the absurdity of social distinctions or to mock the pretensions of the upper classes. For example, a character might refer to themselves as “one of the great unwashed” as a form of humor that deprecates oneself, subtly challenging the norms of polite society. The ironic use of the phrase underscores the subjectivity of social categories and the arbitrary nature of class distinctions. It forces the reader to question the assumptions underlying the phrase and to consider alternative perspectives.
Characterization and Symbolism
“The great unwashed” can function as a symbolic representation of the common people, embodying their struggles, aspirations, and vulnerabilities. A character might identify with “the great unwashed” as a way of expressing solidarity with the marginalized and oppressed. Conversely, a villain might view “the great unwashed” with contempt or disdain, seeing them as obstacles to their ambitions. The phrase can also be used to create a sense of atmosphere or mood, evoking images of poverty, overcrowding, and social unrest. For example, a description of a bustling marketplace might refer to the “great unwashed” to emphasize the chaotic energy of the scene.
Examples in Literary Context
- Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities: While Dickens does not directly use the phrase, his depictions of the Parisian masses during the French Revolution embody the spirit of “the great unwashed” – a volatile, desperate populace pushed to the brink by poverty and injustice.
- George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London: Orwell’s autobiographical account of his experiences living among the poor and unemployed powerfully illustrates the hardships faced by “the great unwashed” and challenges the reader to confront the realities of social inequality.
- Modern Political Discourse: The phrase, though less common in contemporary literature, occasionally resurfaces in political rhetoric, often used pejoratively to dismiss the concerns of ordinary citizens or to justify policies that favor the wealthy and powerful.
Beyond Literature
The phrase “the great unwashed” has permeated beyond literature, entering the lexicon of social and political commentary. It has been used in journalism, historical analysis, and popular culture to describe the masses, particularly during times of social upheaval or political polarization. Understanding its historical origins and nuanced meanings is crucial for interpreting its use in these contexts. The phrase serves as a reminder of the enduring tensions between the powerful and the powerless, and the importance of recognizing the dignity and worth of all individuals, regardless of their social standing.