Stories thrive on conflict, tension, and ultimately, resolution. But what happens when that resolution feels…unearned? When it arrives not through the natural consequences of the narrative, but seemingly from nowhere? That’s often the work of a literary device called Deus Ex Machina.
What is Deus Ex Machina?
The term Deus Ex Machina, Latin for “god from the machine,” originates from ancient Greek theatre. Playwrights would sometimes lower an actor playing a god onto the stage using a crane (the “machine”) to resolve an impossible situation. This “god” would magically fix everything, often abruptly ending the play.
In modern literature, a Deus Ex Machina is any plot device where a seemingly unsolvable problem is suddenly and unexpectedly resolved by an improbable occurrence. It’s a convenient, often artificial, way to wrap up a story.
A simple example: A character is cornered by villains with no escape. Suddenly, a previously unmentioned relative arrives with a helicopter and saves the day. This feels unearned because the story didn’t prepare us for this rescuer.
Why is it Considered a Weakness?
While not inherently “bad,” a Deus Ex Machina is often seen as a weakness in storytelling. It can undermine the sense of cause and effect, leaving the audience feeling cheated or unsatisfied. A well‑crafted story builds tension and resolves conflict organically, through the characters’ actions and choices. A Deus Ex Machina bypasses this process.
Understanding the Nuances
It’s important to note that simply having a surprising or unexpected event doesn’t automatically make it a Deus Ex Machina. The key is whether the event feels forced and unmotivated within the story’s logic.
Distinguishing from Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing subtly hints at future events, creating a sense of anticipation and making the resolution feel earned. A Deus Ex Machina, on the other hand, introduces a solution with no prior setup.
Example:
- Foreshadowing: A character repeatedly mentions a skill in lockpicking. Later, they use this skill to escape a locked room.
- Deus Ex Machina: A character, who has never demonstrated any skill in lockpicking, suddenly and effortlessly picks a complicated lock to escape.
The Role of Coincidence
Coincidence can be a powerful narrative tool. However, when coincidence is used solely to resolve a major conflict without any prior groundwork, it veers into Deus Ex Machina territory.
Example: A detective is stuck on a case. They randomly bump into a key witness at a concert, who immediately provides the crucial information needed to solve the crime. While a chance encounter is plausible, relying on it as the sole solution feels contrived.
Examples in Literature and Film
Let’s examine some examples to illustrate the concept further.
| Story | Situation | Deus Ex Machina Resolution |
|---|---|---|
| The Odyssey (Homer) | Odysseus is stranded on Calypso’s island. | The gods intervene and order Calypso to release Odysseus. |
| Lord of the Rings (J.R.R. Tolkien) | Frodo and Sam are hopelessly lost in Mordor. | Gollum appears and inadvertently leads them towards Mount Doom. (While Gollum’s presence is established, his specific guidance at this crucial moment is somewhat convenient) |
| War of the Worlds (H.G. Wells) | Earth is invaded by Martians. | Martians are killed not by human weapons, but by terrestrial bacteria to which they have no immunity. |
| Many Action Films | The hero is about to be killed by the villain. | A previously unseen character or a sudden, unexplained force intervenes to save the hero. |
Subtle vs. Blatant Examples
A Deus Ex Machina isn’t always a blatant, miraculous intervention. Sometimes it’s a more subtle, but equally unsatisfying, resolution.
Example: A character is searching for a lost treasure. They stumble upon a conveniently placed map in an old book, leading them directly to the treasure. While plausible, the timing and ease of discovery feel contrived if the story doesn’t establish a reason for the map being there.
When Can it Work?
While often criticized, a Deus Ex Machina isn’t always detrimental. There are instances where it can be used effectively, often for specific artistic purposes.
- Satire and Comedy: In satirical or comedic works, a Deus Ex Machina can be used intentionally to highlight the absurdity of the situation or to mock conventional storytelling tropes.
- Genre Conventions: Certain genres, such as fairy tales or mythology, often embrace improbable events and divine intervention. A Deus Ex Machina might feel more natural within these established conventions.
- Postmodern Literature: Postmodern authors may deliberately use a Deus Ex Machina to challenge the reader’s expectations and deconstruct traditional narrative structures.
Recognizing Intentional Use
If a writer knowingly employs a Deus Ex Machina for a specific artistic purpose, it can be a powerful tool. The key is whether the device feels intentional and contributes to the overall meaning of the work.
Avoiding the Trap
So, how can aspiring writers avoid falling into the Deus Ex Machina trap?
- Plan Thoroughly: Develop a detailed plot outline that logically connects cause and effect.
- Establish Ground Rules: Define the rules of your world and stick to them. Avoid introducing new elements solely for the purpose of resolving a conflict.
- Develop Characters: Give your characters the skills and resources they need to overcome obstacles.
- Embrace Complications: Introduce setbacks and challenges that force your characters to grow and adapt.
- Seek Feedback: Ask beta readers to identify any moments where the resolution feels unearned or contrived.
Ultimately, strong storytelling relies on building a believable world, developing compelling characters, and crafting a plot that unfolds logically and organically. While a Deus Ex Machina might offer a quick fix, it’s rarely a substitute for careful planning and skillful execution.
By understanding the nuances of this literary device, you can not only avoid its pitfalls but also appreciate its potential as a deliberate artistic choice.